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In this paper, zinc flows in arable soils of the Czech Republic and zinc fractions in arable soils are studied. Furthermore, a zinc uptake by agricultural plants is focused.
Based on a database of the programme The basal soil monitoring system (BSMS) a static zinc balance for arable soils on the national level was assessed. This programme is carried out by The Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (CISTA) in Brno. As a representative for the zinc balance calculation, 121 monitoring plots were chosen. The Czech Republic net zinc fluxes ranged from -1250 g.ha^-1.y^-1 to +5595 g.ha^-1.y^-1, median +453 g.ha^-1.y^-1. The maximum zinc fluxes are typical of plots with manure applications. An atmospheric deposition is the most important input of zinc into arable soils. It makes 96,6% of the whole inputs. Leaching and run-off are neglected in this zinc balance by reason of missing credible data.
The project Examination of zinc availability in dependence on its form in soil was established to provide more information about behavior of zinc in soil. The first step was starting a greenhouse pot experiment, which was focused on comparison of several extraction agents (AR, 2M HNO₃, 0.43M HNO₃, Mehlich III, DTPA, CAT, 1M NH₄NO₃, 0.01M CaCl₂). Four soils with increasing zinc content were picked out for this experiment (Domanínek, Chrlice, Kutná Hora, Hlízov). Total zinc contents in these selected soils ranged from 156.8 to 583.7 ppm in dry matter (Aqua regia extraction). Contents in plants were in wide range from 20.7 to 273 ppm in dry matter according to the plant variety and used soil. Strong correlations between 0.43M HNO₃, Mehlich III, DTPA and CAT were proved. Using of weaker extraction agents enabled to distinguish geogenic and anthropogenic origin of the contamination.

The influence of different peat-based cultivating substrates and the system of fertilization on the nutrition conditions and growth characteristics of garden nursery material Prunus kurilensis 'Brillant' and Thuja occidentalis 'Smaragd' were observed during a three-year experiment. Three kinds of substrates were tested: peat + pumice (pemza) proportioned 8:2, fermented bark + peat + clay proportioned 4:4:2, fermented bark + peat + clay proportioned 4:4:2. Two fertilizers were used: granular controlled-release fertilizer - Osmocote, and watersoluble with irrigation - Kristalon.
A higher content of macroelements was observed in the leaves of Prunus. The only exception was potassium, the quantity of which was demonstrably higher in the assimilative organs of Thuja. On the contrary, Thuja had a higher content of trace elements except for copper and iron. The highest contents of nitrogen, potassium, and iron were statistically proved in leaves of woods grown in the substrate of peat and pumice due to its higher sorption capability. A better nutrition conditions in almost all nutrients were observed at plants where the gradually effective Osmocote was applied. The exceptions were calcium, molybdenum and iron, the content of which was, on the contrary, higher where Kristalon with irrigation were used.
Physical characteristics of the growing substrates that contained bark were significantly worse at the end of the experiment. This was even intensified by clay. The substrate containing peat and pumice were less stable.
The best growth was observed in woods grown in the substrate of peat and pumice, ie where peat was not substituted by bark, and, at the same time, expanded clay was used instead of classic clay. Higher values of growth characteristics were demonstratively observed after the Osmocote fertilizer was applied.
The results of the experiment reveal that pumice should be recommended, pemza with a high sorption capability and the stabilization of pH as a suitable component of growing substrates and also peat as a classic component of most substrates. If the systems of fertilization are compared, the gradually effective granular Osmocote should be used at the beginning of the growing season instead of soluble Kristalon with irrigation.

Within the development programme of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Physical Training of the Czech Republic the Lifelong Learning Institute at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno introduced and carried out the educational programme for enhancement of pedagogical competences of young academic workers at MUAF in Brno in 2005. It consisted of two parts - pedagogical-didactical and psychosocial. Its objective was the development of pedagogical competences of the young academic staff. Our contribution explains the definition of the objectives of both parts of this programme as well as its contents. We also present the evaluation of both parts of the programme.

Uptake and metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) into zygotic embryos of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied on medium used for induction of somatic embryogenesis. The main task of this work was to study effect of longitudinal bisection of embryos, which was found as increasing the subsequent induction of embryogenic cultures. The maximal uptake of 2,4-D per one embryo was detected after 16 hours on medium in bisected embryos. The bisection increased 2,4-D uptake per embryo in first 16^th hours, but then increased its release back to the medium. The metabolism of 2,4-D in bisected embryos was lower than in intact ones during first two days of culture.

The freezing point of milk (FPM) is an instant indicator of violated technological quality of raw milk, especially of dilution. FPM can also vary due to numerous effects associated with changes in milk composition and milk characteristics. Beside the effect of season, phase of lactation, breed, milk yield, sub-clinical mastitis etc. the impacts of nutrition and dietary or metabolic disorders are the most significant and the most frequent (GAJDŮŠEK, 2003). FPM is a relatively stable physical characteristic and due to osmotically active elements it ranges from -0.510 to -0.535 °C (HANUŠ et al., 2003b). Recently ŠUSTOVÁ (2001) studied the freezing point of milk in pool samples; she observed seasonal changes in FPM of mixed milk and the effect of different diets on FPM values. KOLOŠTA (2003) looked into the effect of grazing season on FPM. HANUŠ et al. (2003a) analysed possible effects of handling of milk components on FPM.
The aim of this work was to describe the relationship between FPM and milk components and the impact of breed, number and phase of lactation on FPM. We analysed 328 milk samples in total, out of which 137 samples were of Czech Pied cows and 191 samples of Holstein cows. The effect of number and phase of lactation was evaluated for both breeds together.
The greatest coefficients of correlation in total were found between FPM and lactose content (r = 0.600) and solids non fat (r = 0.523). Lower coefficients of correlation were found between FPM and milk fat content (r = 0.235), milk protein content (r = 0.260) and urea concentration (r = 0.256). These coefficients were considerably lower in Holstein cows than in Czech Pied cows. The coefficients of correlation between FPM and number and phase of lactation and somatic cells count were insignificant.
The total mean value of FPM was -0.534 °C. Breed statistically significantly (P

The aim of this study was to find out and compare organic nutrients digestibility in feed rations containing different forage legumes in balance trials on horses. The trials were always performed on a group of six sports horses (weight of 495 to 742 kg). Six feed rations were tested, which contained different proportion of certain forage legume in empirical feed mixtures. Three feed mixtures contained white lupine seeds (WLS) - Lu 0 (0.01% WLS), Lu 7 (7% WLS), Lu 14 (14% WLS) and surplus three feed mixtures contained field pea seeds (FPS) - Hr 0 (0.01% FPS), Hr 10 (10% FPS), Hr 20 (20% FPS). Amount of WLS in feed mixtures Lu 0 and Lu 7 was completed with starch to value 14% and amount of FPS in feed mixtures Hr 0 and Hr 10 was completed with starch to value 20%. Indicator method was used to predict dietary nutrients digestibility. Apparent digestibility values of all organic nutrients were higher at the feed rations with the content of FPS. Average values of apparent digestibility coefficient of those feed rations were: dry matter (77.79%; SD = 2.91), organic matter (78.43%; SD = 2.78), crude protein (79.89%; SD = 3.43), fat (66.57%; SD = 2.40), crude fiber (68.97%; SD = 3.21) and nitrogen-free extract (83.30%; SD = 2.71).

Modeling the body mass growth in fattened pigs by means of the exponential growth function enables to simulate the growth curve from three constants of the gender's, or the hybrid's combination, represented by their body mass phenotype: body mass at birth (G0) genetic limit of body mass (GLi) and the maximum body mass increase reached in the inflexion of the growth curve (dG max). However the expression of animal's genome to its body mass phenotype depends on the amount and quality of the feed mixture consumed and mainly on the fact how much of the net energy gained remains left for production (NEp), after the mandatory needs of the body maintenance functions are saturated. Only this amount of net energy for production may be deposited into the proteins and fats of the body mass increase (dG/dt). The net energy for production (NEp) is restricted; if a greater amount of net energy gained (NE) is spend, for compensation of the stressors impact (NE stx). The sum of particular stressor's action is expressed by stressor's index (STX) and indicates the proportional increase of net energy (NE) spend for the maintenance requirement of the animal (NEm). This contribution extends, the classic method of modeling the body mass growth, by the simultaneous modeling of the daily feed mixture intake (DFI) with the content of metabolizable energy (SMEF). The daily feed intake is calculated with respect to the impact of stressors on the net energy consumption. The setting of the model automatically increases the amount of the daily feed intake, so that the adequate amount of net energy for production will not be disturbed. The basic equation for the appropriate daily feed intake sounds as follow
DFI = (NEp + (STX + 1). BM) / (0,6 SMEF) [kg/d]. the BM=0,3.G^3/4 [MJ/d]
Details for calculation, of the net energy for production (NEp) from the input values of the body mass phenotype (G0, GLi, dG max), the content of the metabolizable energy in the feed (SMEF) and of the stressors index value (STX), are described. The validation of the method developed has been approved using the experimental data gained in the fattening of 33 pigs, both sexes, of PIC hybrid combination. The animals were fattened with the standard feed mixture TESTA in a controlled condition of stable's climate and appropriate stockbreeder's and veterinary care.

In the years 1999 to 2001 in conditions of small-plot field experiments was carried out on loamy degraded chernozems at the Plant Breeding Station of Sládkovičovo-Nový Dvor to solve the problems of topdressing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.), variety Astella, with different forms of nitrogenous fertilizers. Nitrogenous fertilizers were applied at the growth phase of the 6th leaf (Zadoks = 29). Four various forms of fertilizers were exemined: urea solution, DAM-390, DAM-390 + Dumag, DASA. Different weather conditions statistically highly significantly influenced grain yield in respective experimental years. Topdressing with nitrogen (30 kg N.ha^-1) caused statistically highly significant increase of grain yield in all fertilized variants ranging from +0.29 t.ha^-1 (applied of DAM-390) to +0.69 t.ha^-1 (applied of DASA) according to respective treatments. Average grain yield in unfertilized control variant represented 7.23 t.ha^-1. Nitrogen nutrition showed positive effect on the main macroelements offtake (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) by winter wheat grain in all fertilized variants. Nitrogen fertilizing positively influenced formation of wet gluten and crude protein with highest increment in variant with DASA and variant with DAM-390 + Dumag.

The research was executed on 24 high yield dairy cows divided into three groups (n = 8). There was the control group (I) that the propylene glycol wasn't given to cows, group II - the cows received 250 ml/day/per head of the propylene glycol, and the group III ─ the cows received 500 ml/day per head of the propylene glycol. The preparation was administered to cows per os beginning from 2 weeks before parturition to the end of the third week of lactation. During the research the condition of animals was estimated by BCS method, the daily yield was recorded, and analyses of the milk and colostrum composition were performed. The propylene glycol lightened the decrease of cows' condition during entering at the peak of lactation. The higher dose (500 ml) was more profitable, because it had an influence on the content of the colostrum components, low urea level in milk as well as on daily yield, which was higher of about 3.64 kg while the preparation was given, in comparison to the control group. In the 3^rd week of lactation the low level of somatic cells in milk of cows that received the preparation was stated. In conclusion, our study revealed a great positive effect of propylene glycol given to the cows shortly before and after parturition on their body condition and a less significant effect on colostrum quality and milk yield.

Soil moisture regime of floodplain ecosystems in southern Moravia is considerably influenced and greatly changed by human activities. It can be changed negatively by water management engineering or positively by landscape revitalizations. The paper deals with problems of hydropedological characteristics (hydrolimits) limiting soil moisture regime and solves effect of hydrological factors on soil moisture regime in the floodplain ecosystems. Attention is paid especially to water retention curves and to hydrolimits - wilting point and field capacity. They can be acquired either directly by slow laboratory assessment, derivation from the water retention curves or indirectly by calculation using pedotransfer functions (PTF). This indirect assessment uses hydrolimit dependency on better available soil physical parameters namely soil granularity, bulk density and humus content. The aim is to calculate PTF for wilting point and field capacity and to compare them with measured values. The paper documents suitableness utilization of PTF for the region of interest. The results of correlation and regression analysis for soil moisture and groundwater table are furthermore presented.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sheep pasture on the content of minerals in growth of the Mohelenska Serpentine Steppe National Nature Reserve.
Merino sheep pastured on the steppe in 1997-1998, electrical fencer was used. There were 6.8-9.4 sheep per 1 ha in 1997 and 6.7-8.7 sheep per 1 ha in 1998 on the pasture area 4.25 and 6 ha. Samples of steppe growth were taken from five locations with typical fytocenological composition for particular area of steppe. Samples were taken each two weeks during vegetative season from area 3x1 m². The contents of Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe in dry matter were evaluated. The changes in the content of the nutrients were evaluated depending on the location before, after and during pasture. The values of nutrients were compared with content of these nutrients in meadow and pasture growths (noted in European databases).
The content of Ca was from 2.23 to 4.06 g/kg of dry matter. Pasture decreased the variability of location in Ca content and there were significant decreases of Ca content on two locations (P < 0.01). Low content of Ca in steppe growth due to pasture significantly decreased on these locations in comparison with Ca content in pasture growth on no-serpentine soil.
The content of P was from 2.23 to 4.06 g/kg of dry matter. Pasture did not affect the variability of location and on one location pasture significantly increased its content (P < 0.01). Despite it the content of P in dry matter was markedly lower than in pasture growths.
The content of Na was from 43.88 to 113.97 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture did not affect the variability of location and its content. The content of Na was markedly lower in steppe growth in comparison with pasture growths.
Pasture also did not affect the content of K, which was from 9.96 to 18.10 g/kg of dry matter. But pasture increased the variability of location. The content of K in steppe growth was low in comparison with pasture growths.
The content of Mg was from 2.14 to 4.64 g/kg of dry matter. On two locations the content of Mg increased due to pasture (P < 0.05). The content of Mg in steppe growth was comparable with its content in pasture growths.
The content of Mn was from 27.55 to 41.32 mg/kg of dry matter and the content of Zn from 12.05 to 26.64 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture increased the variability of location in both these nutrients. The effect of the pasture on their contents was not (P < 0.05). In steppe growth the content of Mn was markedly lower in comparison with pasture growths and the content of Zn was lower in comparison with pasture growths.
The contents of Cu and Fe were from 1.81 to 5.94 mg/kg of dry matter and from 76.1 to 263.2 mg/kg of dry matter. Pasture increased variability of location in the content of Cu and decreased its content in three locations (P < 0.05). The content of Fe was not affected by pasture (P < 0.05). The contents of Cu and Fe were lower in comparison with pasture growths on no-serpentine soils.

Groups of 20 to 23 dairy Czech Pied cows were observed monthly for the period of 12 months (12 test days). The cows in experimental groups were in their early lactation. The mean number of lactation was 2,8, the cows were on average 54.8 days after calving and the mean glucose concentration in blood plasma was 3.93 mmol/l. During the first 100 days of lactation milk yield amounted to 2581 kg with 3.91% fat, 3.48% protein and 4.85% lactose.
The coefficients of the correlation between blood plasma glucose and the observed milk production parameters calculated independently for each test day ranged as follows: -0.597 to 0.130 for number of lactation, -0.389 to 0.585 for days after calving, -0.462 to 0.361 for milk yield, -0.201 to 0.526 for milk fat content, -0.385 to 0.632 for milk protein content and -0.600 to 0.469 for milk lactose content. The calculated coefficients of the correlation between blood plasma glucose and milk production parameters did not reveal a clear tendency in the relationships. However, the graphic polynomial expression showed that glucose level had a positive relationship with days after calving and mainly positive relationship with milk protein content; glucose content had a negative relationship with milk yield and number of lactation and a mainly negative relationship with fat content and lactose content.

Long term stationary field experiments with continuous spring barley were conducted in the maize-growing region on heavy gleic fluvisol from 1974 to 2002. Two variants of straw management (straw harvested and incorporated into soil), two variants of soil tillage (conventional plough tillage to 0.22 m, shallow disc tillage to 0.12-0.15 m) and three variants of fertilization (30, 60 and 90 kg. N ha^-1) were studied. The results of organic matter balance in the examinated period according to particular methods were related to trends of real humus content which is presented in C_ox in particular experiment variants. The examinated method by LEITHOLD et al. (1997), used in model Repro, answers most accurate in given conditions according to hypothesys defined in scientific literature. On the base of this result we can confirm significancy of the result. Other verification of method is appropriate for its using in real conditions in context of agricultural sustainability assesment.

The aim of the study was to evaluate a content of intramuscular fat in musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) of tested carcass pig hybrids (two combinations of multi-breed commercial hybridization) - (CLW x L) x (D x H) (n = 50) and (BU x L) x D (n = 43).
Determined values of a content of intramuscular fat of each combination were noted according to sex and according to group of sort in SEUROP system (% of lean meat). High conclusive difference (P≤0.01) was found in measured values of IMT between combinations (CLW x L) x (D x H) (3.39%) and (CLW x L) x D (2.69%). Small difference was determined between sex in both combinations - gilts showed higher values of IMT content contrary to hogs.
The highest measured value of IMT content (3.29%) was reached in combination (CLW x L) x (D x H) in class E, the lowest average value (2.48%) was reached in class S. In class U (R) was determined a content of IMT on a level of 2.56% (3.08%).
The highest measured value of IMT content (3.10%) was reached in combination (CLW x L) x D in class S, the lowest average value (2.58%) was reached in class E. In class U (R) was determined a content of IMT on a level of 2.83% (2.67%).
Statistical conclusive (P≤0.05) low negative correlation (r = -0.2107) was determined between % IMT and a lean meat percentage. Low negative correlation (r = -0.1359) was determined between % IMT and muscle depth.
Low positive correlation (r = 0.1658) was determined between % IMT and back fat thickness.

The effect of embryo donors and recipients of on milk efficiency of their female offsprings from embryotransfer was followed. Heifers and cows of Czech Spotted Breed were used as a embryo donors and recipients. The selected characteristics of milk efficiency - the quantity of milk (kg), the quantity of proteins (kg) and content of proteins (%) were analysed by using of variation-statistical methods and analysis of variance (programme Statistica, version 6.0) by the donors (31), recipients (74) and their daughters (74) from embryotransfer. These selected characterictics were analysed in the 1st and in the maximal lactations. Milk efficiency of the recipients was the lowest in the 1st and maximal lactation; the recipients produced 4991.4 kg, and/or 6082.86 kg of milk and 174.79 kg, and/or 213.5 kg of protein; however, this differences were significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). The protein content in % in milk of recipients was 3.45% in the 1st and maximal lactation; i. e. 0.05% more protein (insignificant difference), and/or 0.13% more protein than the donors (significant difference, P < 0.05). Milk efficiency was the highest in the offspring in the 1st and maximal lactation; the daughters from ET produced 938.5 kg, and/or 1804.7 kg of milk more (P < 0.01), 41.28 kg, and/or 67.32 kg of protein more (P < 0.01), and 0.14% (P < 0.01), and/or 0.11% (P < 0.01) of protein more than the recipients, and 305.48 kg, and/or 823.26 kg of milk more (P > 0.05), 0.19%, and/or 0.24% of protein more (P < 0.01) and 28.55 kg of protein more (P > 0.05) in the maximal lactation than the donors. In the 1st lactation the daughters from ET produced 2.58 kg less protein than the donors; however, this difference was insignificant (P > 0.05). There was found the effect of donors was significant on milk efficiency of their daughters and the effect of recipients was no significant on milk efficiency of their female offsprings from embryotransfer. There was found too that already the milk efficiency from first lactations could be using for selection of embryo donors.

The impact of fertilizing containing combination of nitrogen and sulphur on the N-substances contain in grain and the share of particular proteinous fractions of wheat of Samanta species was researched within the small-allotment trials in years 2000-2001. It has been proved that application of nitrogen together with sulphur positively influenced the sum of extracted N-substances. In both trial years the increase reached the average variant in relative comparison 3,83-3,8%. While in the first trial year the impact of sulphur was stronger when the share of nitrogen was bigger (increase 6,7%) the next year there was opposite trend and the increase of N-substances contain was higher with lower share of N and S (5,77%). While in 2000 the share of albumin in grain varied, in 2001 it had decreasing trend as the share of nitrogen increased. Trial year had the strongest impact on the content of globulin, prolamin and glutein in wheat grain.

The studies conducted from 1997 to 1999 in a vegetation hall were performed as a pot experiment on ordinary silt soil. Jerusalem artichoke, maize, Sida hermaphrodita Rusby, amaranth and hemp were used as indicator plants. The results confirmed, great diversification of the element contents which depends not only on the species but also on the part of individual plants. Analysis of the data revealed also another dependence: increased concentration of heavy metals in the soil corresponded to a higher content of heavy metals in the plants. Significant differences in this respect were observed for the plant species grown in unpolluted or differently contaminated soil.

Water activity of multicomponent food mixture was analysed and measured. Samples of dry fermented sausages with two different starter cultures (Pediococcus pentosaceus + Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus carnosus + Staphylococcus xylosus + Lactobacillus farciminis) were tested during ripening (21 days) and storing (91 days). The basic raw materials were the same for all samples: lean beef meat, lean pork and pork fat in equal parts, nitrite salt mixture (2.5 %), and sugars (1.0 %). The method used for water activity tests was indirect manometric in a static environment. Moisture content of samples was measured using halogen dryer. The course of water activity and moisture content of sausages was variable during ripening and steady during storage. Diagrams showed gradual decrease of both parameters. Mathematical models of water activity and moisture content for storage of dry fermented sausages were developed and statistically verified. The influence of starter cultures was not significant.

The objective of our study was to evaluate dynamics of changes in contents of some components of sheep milk, viz. dry matter (DM), fat (F), true protein (TP), casein (C), whey protein (WP) and lactose (L). Estimations were carried out using milk samples originating from 20 ewes (crosses of Eastfriesian and Improved Valachian breeds). All ewes under study were on the first lactation. Altogether six milk samplings were carried out, viz. on Days 46, 74, 102, 132, 162 and 190 of lactation. The average contents of DM, F, P, C, WP and L ranged, in dependence on the day of lactation, from 16.66 to 19.98%; 5.45 to 7.70%; 5.24 to 6.64%; 3.95 to 5.08%; 1.21 to 1.57% and 4.78 to 5.13%, respectively. Average contents of milk components mentioned above per lactation were as follows: 18.5%; 6.44%; 5.93%; 4.53%; 1.40% and 4.99%, respectively. Statistically significant differences between individual subsequent samplings were found in case of DM and F (between Days 132 and 162) as well as of TP (between Days 74 and 102; 102. and 132 and 132 and 162, resp.). The analysis of correlations existing between some components of sheep milk revealed that statistically highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) positive correlations existed between contents of DM and F, DM and TP and F and TP.