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The effect of known CSN3, Pit-1 and LGB genes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on milk performance traits (milk yield, protein, fat and lactose content, count of somatic cells) at the Czech Fleckvieh and the Holstein cattle breed was estimated. For more exact results, tested cows of each breed came from one source, and were selected into two groups according to their lactation. We tested around 100 animals at the first and 25 at the high (more than five) lactation of both breeds. Our attention was aimed particularly on combined genotypes of favourable alleles. We confirmed the positive tendention of the cheese yield valuable CSN3/BB with Pit-1/AA combined genotype for high milk production. By estimation of single gene effect, we found out significant association (P ≤ 0.01) between milk yield (kg) and Pit-1 genotypes at Holstein cows with the high lactation. This dependence was observed at the Czech Fleckvieh breed too, even it didn't get conclusive value. Among all tested individuals, CSN3 genotypes significantly influenced milk yield (AA > BB, P ≤ 0.01), milk fat (BB > AA, P ≤ 0.01) and protein content (BB > AA, P ≤ 0.01). The genotypes AB and BB of the LGB gene at Holstein cows were joined with higher milk yield in selected cattle groups opposite to AA genotype (P ≤ 0.01, P ≤ 0.05). The influence of LGB on the somatic cell count in created cattle groups was not confirmed. Estimation of allele and genotype frequency according to lactation stage didn't reveal higher differences at non of tested genes in both breeds.

The paper introduces the review of the present state of art in the measurement of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with different kinds of materials. It is analysis of the possibilities of the measurement of the interaction of high frequencies waves (microwaves) with materials and proposal of the experimental method for the studies mentioned above.
The electromagnetic field consists of two components: electric and magnetic field. The influence of these components on materials is different. The influence of the magnetic field is negligible and it has no impact on practical use. The influence of the electric field is strong as the interaction between them results in the creation of electric currents in the material (Křivánek and Buchar, 1993).
Experiments focused on the evaluation of the complex dielectric permitivity of different materials have been performed. The permitivity of solid material is also measurable by phasemethod, when the specimen is a part of transmission sub-circuit. Microwave instrument for complex permittivity measurement works in X frequency band (8.2-12.5) GHz, the frequency 10.1 GHz was used for all the measurement in the laboratory of physics, Mendel University in Brno. The extensive number of experimental data have been obtained for different materials. The length of the square side of the aerial open end was 50 mm and internal dimensions of waveguides were 23 mm × 10 mm. The samples have form of the plate shape with dimensions 150 mm × 150 mm × 4 mm.

The aim of this study was an evaluation of allele and genotype frequencies of Milkprotein kappa casein (CSN3) in bulls offred by breeding companies (n = 287) and of a real proportion of these fathers (genotypes) in a population of Czech Fleckvieh cows (n = 27 970) born between 1994 and 2004. An average frequencies of genotypes of the offered fathers and their real proportion in a population of cows was in 1994-2004: AA = 0.3902; 0.4572; AB = 0.4774; 0.3993; AE = 0.007; 0.0004; BB = 0.115; 0.1394 and BE = 0.0105; 0.0036. EE genotype was not found. An average frequency of allele was A = 0.6324; 0.6571; B = 0.3589; 0.3409 and E = 0.0087; 0.002.
The set of observed cows (27 970 head) shows a significant predominance of using fathers with AA and AB genotypes of milkprotein kappa-casein. A frequencies of these two genotypes varied between 0.7885 and 0.9836 in the observed years. A difference between genotype frequencies of CSN3 (AA, AB and BB) in offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows was not significant only in years 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002 and 2003. In the rest of the years (1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004) and also in average of all years the difference was significant or highly significant.
In none of the observed years (1994-2004) were the absolute frequencies of genotypes of the cows' fathers in genetic equilibrium. Genotype frequencies of milkprotein kappa-casein of the offered bulls and their real proportion in the population of cows show, in most of the years, significant or highly significant differences. A variability of heterozygosity in 1994 - 2004 was very high, between 14.03 % and 85.68 %. Gene diversity varied between 34.9 %-49.59 %.
PIC value varied between 0.2882-0.3767 in 1994-2004 and its average in all the observed years was 0.3516.
When counting allele and genotype frequencies in a population with a different intensity of use of several bulls it is important not only to analyze a particular genotype of the father but also his share of influence in the population of cows.

Demographic evolution in the Czech Republic is not spatially homogeneous but displays regional differences. In the set of 14 regions of the Czech Republic, numerical characteristics showing level, variability, skewness and kurtosis for 30 demographic indicators from the year 2006 are calculated and evaluated. Frequency counts for some of these have been shown using histograms. On the basis of factor analysis, five representative indicators were chosen and assigned weights, with the ranks of regions determined by normalized values. The best position was obtained by the City of Prague and Středočeský Region, with last position occupied by the Zlín Region.

Objective of the paper is to point out selected patterns of Slovak consumers based on analysis of buying behaviour. Results of presented survey of consumer buying patterns and preferences have pointed out key characteristics of buying behaviour of Slovak consumers. We're able to confirm that new business companies as hypermarket and supermarket became main place for food shopping. Totally 72% of respondents indicated them as the type of store where they spend largest share of food expenses. The self-service shop, traditional business units, is still the shopping place for 14% of respondents. The most important factors influencing selection of the type of store are closeness and location of the store, assortment and product quality, store personnel and price level. More than half of the respondents consider opening times the key service for choosing the place for shopping. 49.6% of respondents is using car to do shopping, 35.5% of respondents walk. 32.5% of respondents is using advertising leaflets to plan what to buy. 14.6% of respondents answered that even though receiving leaflets, they don't read them. 31.3% of respondents are holders of loyalty cards. Most visited retail chain is Tesco.
Currently building of large-scale business formats slowed down and retail chains try to get closer towards customer not only by reducing floor space but above all by locating the stores in the centre of cities with lower population.

This paper is focused on validation of new synthetic raw cow milk quality indicator which was calculated according to previously developed algorithm. The aim was to carry out a synthesis of values of individual milk quality indicators (MQIs) into one standardized relative milk quality indicator (SQSM). This is useable for farmer milk price modification according to milk quality in dependence on its change in every case. It is a possible ground for consistent milk payment according to its quality. This work is fifth step in the row of works. It is carried out in terms of next promotion of the milk foodstuff chain safety and for the improvement of the ability of the dairy production branch for the competition. SQSM was calculated according to formula as follows: DX = (IND - x)/sx, where: IND is individual value of MQI of supplier, x is month arithmetical average of MQI of relevant milk suppliers including IND and sx its standard deviation; SQSM is the sum of logically oriented (according to milk quality growth) DXs, which come from relevant MQIs of identical raw milk delivery; SQSM as sum can be also divided by the number of MQIs. It means, there are possible two kinds of expressions of SQSM, sum (a) and/or average (p). The values of MQIs were used in original (compositional and physical MQIs) or transformed (log; hygienic MQIs) form according to previous research results. Three, five and seven MQIs and single, double and threefold values of their technological weight were included into model validation as price formula. Thirteen variants (p and a) of price formula were used, too. The behaviour of p and a model variants was similar. All SQSM averages and medians were very near zero value. The normality of SQSM files was reached (P > 0.05) sometimes in obliquenes (a₃) which is more important in this case. The normality was not reached in acuteness (a₄). The SQSM model files were quite well balanced in terms of positive and negative values. All model combination differences (p) between variants were insignificant (calculated F 1.76×10^-18, where P > 0.999; critical F 1.75 for P ≤ 0.05). The difference insignificance was independent both on number of MQIs and on their technological preference as well. The results of SQSM validation showed the suitability of indicator usage for intended purpose of consistent milk price modification according to every milk quality change.

The aim of this article is to analyse efficiency of sales channels in the time when new products are being launched. As the most suitable method for this analysis was chosen the method of mystery shopping because it can properly compare and measure the most aspects of sales process quality. The results of mystery shopping focused on sales approach of sales assistants showed significant differences in performance of external and internal sales channels in analysed time periods. At the moment there is no significant difference in the support of external and internal sales channels during product launches because it is perceived that both of these sales channels should be highly motivated to sell new products and therefore there is no need in this busy periods to split the effort into two individually designed sales supports. As depicted in the article it would be benefitial to change this approach since the potential of external sales channels is not fully revealed and used as much as it could be. Seeing the fact that all companies generate enormous pressure to launch new products with the highest excellency implementing diverse support should be one of possibilities how to achieve it. Description and explanation of differences in mystery shopping results in external and internal sales channels are used as a base for formulating an approach how sales and marketing efficiency during product launches in external sales channels could be increased.

Commercially produced hen eggs have been tested by means of dynamic excitation of the egg-shells with following analysis of their response. The falling steel ball have been chosen as a exciting instrument and the laser vibrometer have been used as a measuring device for the egg response. The reproductibility of the experiments has been relatively high and the surface velocity has been found to be significantly dependent on the position around the meridian. Analysed frequency spectrum has shown the peak frequency and frequency history. Proposed numerical model has demonstrated reasonable agreement with experimental results and can be used as an effective tool in modelling of analogous or similar experiments.

The subject of this paper is description of building of general parametric model of grand piano soundboard in environment of software ANSYS. Parametric utilization of APDL (Ansys Parametric Design Language) was made in full range of this component. Physical model description includes orthotropic linear elasticity material and prescribed boundary conditions of solution of basic structural analysis (modal analysis). Main idea of this work rest in offering of model which allows simple changes of numerical simulation by changing of basic model parameters. This model allows monitoring of selected factors (changes in construction and material composition) which may influence the dynamic behaviour of board. In addition to general model there are presented also results of simulations which describe properties of board in frequency domain for factual type of soundboard.

This thesis was meant to evaluate allele and genotype frequencies of kappa-casein (CSN3) in artificial insemination bulls in the Czech Republic of Czech Fleckvieh breed (n = 133) and Holstein breed (n = 58). Studied bulls were born between 1990 and 2005. Calculation was made by PowerMarker (Liu K., Muse S.V. 2005). Genotype frequencies established in Czech Fleckvieh bulls were AA = 0.391 AB = 0.4887 AE = 0.0075 BB = 0.0902 BE = 0.0226 and EE = 0 and allele frequencies were A = 0.6391 B = 0.3459 E = 0.015. Genotype frequencies established in Holstein bulls were AA = 0.5517 AB = 0.2759 AE = 0.1207 BB = 0 BE = 0.0345 and EE = 0.0172 and allele frequencies A = 0.75 B = 0.1552 and E = 0.0948. In Holstein breed we found higher frequency of E allele and higher frequency of genotypes with this allele. Genetic diversity, heterozygosis and PIC values in Czech Fleckvieh Bulls were following 0.4717; 0.5188 and 0.3737 and 0.4044; 0.4310 and 0.3668 in Holstein Bulls. These results show the higher genetic variability in bulls of Czech Fleckvieh breed. Results of χ² test (Czech Fleckvieh 4.58; Holstein 2.55) show genetical disequilibrium in the Bulls both examined breeds used in artificial insemination in the Czech Republic.

There is registered approximately 18 600 ha of intensive vineyards in this time in CZ. The intensive viticulture production is represent with high parts of working operations practise by the help of mechanization. Frequency of passages by mechanization in interrow of descent is different by single variants of production processes. Their number movening currently abreast 15-18 per annum. Their ground is soil compression, that is highest in tracked lines and middle of the interrow. If the compaction reach over the critical limit can be this state escorted by weighty incidence (decrease of decree, increasing by power severity by soil cultivation and other).

The effect of 0.25% w/w κ-carrageenan and ι-carrageenan on viscoelastic properties of processed cheese were studied using model samples containing 40% w/w dry matter and 45 and 50% w/w fat in dry matter. Experimental samples of processed cheese were evaluated after 14 days of storage at the temperature of 6 ± 2 °C. Basic parameters of processed cheese samples under study (i.e. their dry matter content and pH) were not different (P ≥ 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in values of storage modulus G' [Pa], loss modulus G'' [Pa] and tangent of phase shift angle tan δ [-] for the reference frequency of 1 Hz between processed cheese with κ-carrageenan applied in the form of powder and in the form of aqueous dispersion (P ≥ 0.05). The addition of 0.25% w/w κ-carrageenan and ι-carrageenan (in the powder form) resulted in an increase in storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli and a decrease in values of tan δ (P < 0.05). As compared with control (i.e. without added carrageenans), samples of processed cheese became firmer. Iota-carrageenan added in the powder form in concentration of 0.25% w/w showed a more intensive effect on the increase in firmness of processed cheese under study than κ-carrageenan (P < 0.05).

The main goal of this paper was to create theoretical basis and find starting points for the audit of customer satisfaction on the service market. It focuses mainly on contemporary existing approaches to customer satisfaction quantification especially through indexes. The gained results will become the starting point for creating the consistent audit of customer satisfaction methodology on tourism service market applicable in the Czech environment. One part of the paper shows brief results of the performed tentative research that aimed for finding present awareness about the audit of customer satisfaction and about the frequency of its use by firms in the Czech Republic.

The present study covers immunogenetic characteristics of the Małopolski horses, involving 5 blood protein systems, with special regard to horses of the Przedświt strain. Basing on the obtained results it was found that high frequency of allele Es^F is a characteristic feature of the examined Przedświt strain horses.

The object of this work was to verify influence of feed and surroundings on lipids content and fatty acids spectrum in musculature of European catfish (Silurus glanis) cultivated in intensive conditions. Within years 2000-2002 feeding tests with European catfish of initial weight from 60 to 500 grams were executed. For rearing of fish recirculation system at Department of Fisheries and Hydrobiology of Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno and facility of farm in Tisová (Czech Fisheries Company, s.r.o. of Marianské Lázně) using flow through system warmed by water from the Tisová thermal power plant were used.
Feeds for salmonid fish with differential protein (35-48,5 %) and lipid (13-26%) content were tested. The temperature of water in all fluctuated was from 17-26 °C. Frequency of feeding was three times a day. Quantity of feeding dose varied depending on weight of fish from 1 to 2 % of weight of stocking rate.
Spectrum of fatty acids in used feeds corresponds to composition of fatty acids in musculature of European catfish (Silurus glanis). This spectrum is influenced by quality of used components during feed production; breeding surroundings did not show any influence on spectrum of fatty acids in musculature of fish. SFA content was in range 27-32,60 %. Rate n-3/n-6 PUFA was highest in trial TISOVÁ 2001 (3,78). When compared Aqualife 17 feed, the narrowest rate n-3/n-6 PUFA (1,19) was found out in recirculation system in during the year 2000.
Dry matter in musculature of European catfish (Silurus glanis) fluctuated in range 16,03-26,34 %. Fat content varied from 0,83-6,68 % depending on used feeding diet. Ammount of fat in musculature of European catfish is comparable or lower than data quoted in literature.
Comparing influence of breeding surroundings on fat content in musculature of European catfish, we found out, that European catfish bred in recirculation system reached in average higher percentage content of fat in musculature than fish bred in flow through system.

A community of weeds and crops is affected by a number of factors, including, among other things, also tillage. In the years 2000-2002, the composition of weed species in rape stands was evaluated on the fields with the total area of 551 hectares (1 hectar equals to some 2.47 acres). The evaluation was carried out with the application of methodology developed by Kühn (1982). On the fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc - Holice, which had been cultivated in a traditional manner, 115 relevés were recorded. On the fields in the cadastral area of Bohuňovice, which had been cultivated with the application of reduced tillage, 97 relevés were recorded and evaluated. All of the above fields were subjected to the application of chemical agents reducing the occurrence of weeds. The data thus received were processed by means of multidimensional analysis of ecological data with the application of a RDA method (Redundancy Analysis). In the course of three years, 75 weed species were found on the fields under conventional tillage, on the average, 8.2 species per a relevé, while 66 weed species were found during the same period of time on the fields cultivated by means of reduced tillage, on the average, 8.6 species per a relevé. The application of RDA analysis enabled us to sort out the selected species of weeds (i.e. those the frequency of occurrence of which exceeded 15 %) into three groups. The conditions provided by the conventional tillage appeared to be more satisfactory for the weed species included in the first group (Arctium tomentosum, Elytrigia repens, Helianthus tuberosus, Chenopodium album, Lolium perenne and Papaver rhoeas). The species included in the second group, i.e. Alsinula media, Apera spica-venti, Atriplex patula, Bromus sterilis, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Equisetum arvense, Fallopia convolvulus, Myosotis arvensis and Thlaspi arvense., responded to reduced tillage by the increase in cover or by increased frequency of occurrence. The third group consists of species such as: Cirsium arvense, Chamomilla recutita, Galium aparine, Lactuca serriola, Matricaria maritima, Triticum aestivum and Viola arvensis. Their cover and frequency of occurrence were in a more degree influenced by factors different from the type of tillage. The manner of tillage appears to be only one of a number of factors that affect the occurrence of weed species. It influences them together with other factors and it is a factor of polyfunctional nature.

This paper deals with forecasting of the high-frequency foreign exchange market with neural networks. The objective is to investigate some aspects of modelling with neural networks (impact of topology, size of training set and time horizon of the forecast on the performance of the network). The data used for the purpose of this paper contain 15-minute time series of US dollar against other major currencies, Japanese Yen, British Pound and Euro. The results show, that performance of the network in terms of correct directorial change is negatively influenced by increasing number of hidden neurons and decreasing size of training set. The performance of the network is influenced by sampling frequency.

In general, the over sea height is cumulative factor, which can influence significantly the farm conditions. This effect consists of temperature (mean year temperature), rain (sum of rainfulls), sunshine (total period of sunshine) and so on, in terms of climate, which can influence the dairy cow keeping directly and indirectly. Direct effects can influence the welfare of dairy cows in terms of hot stress for example, which could decrease a mastitis resistance of cows or their milk yield in simply way. Indirect effects can influence the dairy cows and their milk production (milk yield and milk composition and quality) by typical kinds of forages and preserved rough fodders, by their botany composition and nutritional quality. In general it is possible to say, that increasing over sea height decreases economical efficiency of dairying. On the other hand the higher over sea height is sometimes linked with pastoral system of dairy cow rearing and nourishment and more often with possibility to ecological and biodynamical agriculture application. In the fact, the mountain and submountain localities are named as less favourable areas (LFAs) in terms of agriculture efficiency and sustainability under the Czech Republic conditions. Despite of above mentioned facts, the pastoral system of dairying plays very important role for tourism development in different countries such as Alpine or Scandinavien countries, Ireland, The Netherlands or in particular in New Zealand.
It could be very good to know the incidentaly possible impacts of over sea height of dairy cow rearing localities on milk quality, composition and its technological properties because of discussions about incidental dairy subsidies. Of course, in some countries including the Czech Republic, the governmental production subsidies or governmental environmental subsidies are partly linked with over sea height of localities of dairy farms, according to different calculation formulas as well.
The individual milk samples, feedstuff samples (total mixed ration (TMR) on feeding trough) and mean excrement samples were collected at seven dairy cow herds and two main milked breeds of cattle (in the CR) for three years. Bulk milk samples were collected as well. It was done two times per year in winter (February, Marz) and summer (August, September) seasons. The herds were localised in lowland (N; ≤ 350 m of o.s.h.) and highland (P; > 350 m of o.s.h.) areas. The breed effect (H = Holstein and C = local Bohemian spotted cattle based on Simmental breed) was good balanced between N and P areas. The milk yields of herds varied from 5500 to 10000 kg of milk per lactation. The different but typical varieties of nourishment and feeding systems of dairy cows were applied in the herds: N = alfalfa silage with maize silage; P = clover-grass silage, grass silage with maize silage and grass pasture as well. The concentrates were feeded according to milk yield and nutrition demand standards.
Investigated chemical-compositional, physical, health and technological parameters in individual milk samples were as follows: daily milk yield (ML; kg of milk per day); fat content (Tuk; g/100ml); lactose content (Lak; g/100g of monohydrate); solids non fat (STP; g/100g); somatic cell count (PSB; tis./ml); urea content (Mo; mg/100ml); acetone

Genotype and allele frequencies of the oestrogen receptor gene (ESR) PvuII restriction site were investigated in populations of the main Czech maternal breeds. 1253 sows and gilts and 396 boars in Large White and 334 sows and gilts and 318 boars in Landrace were genotyped from blood samples by the modified PCR-RFLP procedure as described in Short et al. (1997). In Large White, the frequency of allele B was about 0.51. In Landrace, the frequency of allele B reached from 0.02 for boars to 0.03 for sows. No significant deviations of the observed genotype frequencies from the frequencies expected according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in both breed. Opposite trends in allele frequencies development could be assumed for analysed sows and boars of both breeds. In Large White sows the frequency of allele B raised probably due prefering sows with BB genotype, whereas in Landrace population the frequency of allele B decreased from yet unknown reasons.

From the material echo point of view, talking about high-cycle fatigue, when nondestructive tests of acoustic emissions has been made. Five stages of steel fatigue have been approved and divided agreeably with the shape of individual records. These records have been measured in tests and verified using the visual metalography of material surface. The aim of presented work is to choose from samples with highest levels of emissions of tension waves and its impulses during push-pull loading and than to compare them with random chosen sample from cast iron.
Acquired figures of compared materials were not identical, not because of the difference of phase layout and other mechanical features, but there were acquired similar curves for exact levels of fatigue characteristic for tested materials.
As the result we can take the confirmation of echo application in material, in accordance with known material wear from the force/frequency dependance.

Diets of the raccoon dog and badger were studied in the Landscape Protected Area (LPA) Litovelské Pomoraví from 2000 to 2001 by collecting faeces from latrines during March - December every year. The relative volume and frequency occurrence of each food item in the feaces were calculated. Vertebrates and invertebrates constituted the bulk of the raccoon dog diet, while plants and invertebrates were most frequently eaten by the badger. Insecta and Rodentia were important to the raccoon dog, but it also consumed other food items. The raccoon dog was more omnivorous that the badger. Badger fed very frequently on plant material, raccoon dog, instead, frequently ate insects, especially beetles. In conclusion, the diet of the raccoon dog overlaps largely with that of badger, and some competition for food may occur between these species in the LPA Litovelské Pomoraví; however, their preferred food sources differ to some extent, which helps them to avoid competition.

In study are results of bulls and oxen ethology monitoring (witch were 24 h) in 2002-2003. Basic manifestations were monitoring: standing, laying, feeding and moving. Strong difference was shown in social activity of groups in winter period (when were cattle in stable) - 18 contacts per a day for bulls vs. 7 contacts per a day for oxen. There were not marked different in social activity between bulls and oxen in summer monitoring (when were cattle on pasture). Other life manifests were comparable in both groups.
In dependence of lower frequency of oxen social activity (in time when cattle are in limited place in stable) are oxen more tolerant to breeding technology. There is less number of aggressive behaviour in oxen also.

Northern willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum Rafin.) is a naturalized allien species occurring almost all over the territory of the Czech Republic. Evaluation of weed vegetation by means of methodology developed by Kühn (1982) took place on selected fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc-Holice. All in all, 1360 phytosociological relevés were recorded from 1997 to 2001, on the average, one relevé per 2,7 ha. In addition to it, the occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum was recorded within an experiment with green fallow lands at Kroměříž in 2002. Every individual plant species had been assigned data on its cover and growth phases according to the BBCH scale (an universal growth phases scale for crops and weeds, Hess et al., 1997). The frequency of occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum in cereal crops is so low that it is negligible from the economic point of view and moreover, the plant is not capable of any reproduction there. In other crops (such as sugar beet, maize or alfalfa), Epilobium ciliatum either does not occur at all or its occurrence is very rare. On arable lands, it is capable of reproducing itself in rape and caraway only. In view of the fact that the frequency of its occurrence on fallow lands was very low, we do not have available a sufficient amount of data from which a general rule governing its occurrence and cover rate could be derived. Even though the agricultural lands apparently only started to be invaded by the northern willowherb, the plant is already capable of reproducing itself to some extent, which fact is of essential importance for the increase of its significance in the future.