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In an effort to meet the requirements for maximum material utilization, which is set forth in the Act No. 185/2001 Coll. on Waste and amendments to other Acts, and to achieve the objectives of the Waste Management Plan of the Czech Republic to reduce biodegradable waste going to landfill, a proposal for widespread deployment of separate collection and processing of biodegradable municipal waste in municipalities has become part of the amendment Act prepared by the ministry. In many places of the country pilot projects have been launched to test the technology and logistics of sorting, collecting, processing and utilizing biodegradable municipal waste separated by residents.
Separate collection of biodegradable municipal waste in Kroměříž was launched as a pilot project in 1992. Despite all the residents' education, the management of Biopas is not satisfied with the quality of biodegradable waste separation; problems occur especially in the residential area. Biodegradable waste separated by residents, due to its unacceptable amount of impurities, is transported to the landfill Kuchyňky near the village Zdounky 10 km distant but detailed data on the amount of impurities in separate biodegradable municipal waste were missing.
Therefore an analysis of separate biodegradable municipal waste has been carried out. Individual samples were collected within two days of separate waste delivery, without any modifications (scattering, compaction). The sample size was at least 200 kg, the sample was manually sorted according to the Catalogue of Waste into biodegradable waste (200201), other non-biodegradable waste (200203) and biodegradable waste unsuitable for composting (e.g. animal by-products). It was found that the amount of unacceptable impurities in separate biodegradable waste considerably varies from 1 to 9 %_wt.
It can be concluded that the amount of unacceptable impurities in biowaste is too large to allow composting and compost production (in 2009).

This study is intended to determine the physicochemical characteristics of Slovakian honeys, and compare them with specifications described in the Codex Alimentarius Standard, the European Honey directive, the Slovak Codex Alimentarius and Slovak standard No. 1/2006. In addition, we tried to find out correlations between individual constituents of honeys. Physicochemical characterization was carried out following the harmonized methods dictated by the International Honey Commission IHC. Honey samples (n=50) were collected from three honey types (blossom, blends, honeydew), and from the three main Slovakian geographical regions (named 'east', 'middle' and 'west'). The physicochemical evaluation included moisture, reduced sugars, proline, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), conductivity, diastase and invertase activity, pH and water activity, following the techniques proposed by the European Honey Commission (EHC). The moisture content in the honey varied from 15.26 to 17.65 %, HMF levels ranged from 21.83 to 63.00 mg.kg^-1, the diastase activity varied from 21.01 DN to 36.67, invertase activity varied from 121.73 to 164.11 U.kg^-1, the proline content varied from 426.56 to 531.79 mg.kg^-1, the fructose content values were found from 36.33 to 40.20 g.100g^-1, the glucose content values ranged from 27.67 to 31.00 g.100g^-1, the values of saccharose content were from 0.15 to 0.37 g.100g^-1, the conductivity varied from 29.48 to 97.24 mS.cm^-1, the pH value varied from 4.06 to 4.80 and the water activity content varied from 0.55 to 0.57. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found between HMF and fructose, glucose and saccharose and conductivity and pH, significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between fructose and glucose and significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) were found between HMF and conductivity. Between blossom honey and honeydew honey were found statistical significant differences in HMF (P ≤ 0.05) and conductivity between honeydew honey and blossom honey (P ≤ 0.001). Among regions were determined statistical differences between HMF and invertase (P ≤ 0.05) and conductivity (P ≤ 0.01).

High quality and purity of DNA isolated from food and feed is essential for species identification and has unpredictable influences an effect of analysis. In this study, the efficiency of eight different methods for DNA isolation was investigated. For DNA extraction, the raw chicken meet, ham, sausages, tinned lunch meat, pate, tinned feeds for dogs, complete granulated feeds for dogs and chicken flour were used. Kits of several different producers, i.e.: NucleoSpin Food (Marchery-Nagel), Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega), Invisorb Spin Food Kit I (Invitek), Wizard SV Genomic DNA Purification System (Promega), JetQuick Tissue DNA Spin Kit (Genomed), RNA Blue (Top-Bio), JetQuick Blood & Cell Culture Kit (Genomed), QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen) were employed in the study. Gel agarose electrophoresis for primary verification of DNA quality was performed. The isolates were subsequently assessed for quantity and quality using by spectrophotometer Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific). To verify of template usability and quality of isolated DNA, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used.
Differences between isolated DNA from tinned products and meat, ham, sausage, granulated dog feed and chicken flour were found. In tinned food and feed, the DNA was more degraded, DNA content and DNA purity was lower and also PCR amplification was the most difficult. Overall DNA yield and quality have important influence on PCR products amplification. The best results were obtained with NucleoSpin Food and JetQuick Tissue DNA Spin Kit. DNA extracted by these methods proved highest yields, purity and template quality in all foods and feeds and the results of PCR analysis are excellent reproducible. Analyses showed that results depended on different food or feed using and different isolation system.
The results of this work will be utilized to choose the suitable isolating kit for educational course, which is designed for students and also for following research and analyses.

The applied method - combination of the factor analysis and Fourier transformation is not routinely used in the water management. Due to the fact that the statistic program Prognost is able to do the analysis only from limited number of the quantities, only selected surface water quality indicators were included in the analysis. Therefore it wasn't possible to prove the influence of all eventual natural and anthropogenic impacts in the catchment area that affect the water quality in the reservoir Vranov nad Dyjí. By the selected indicators it was possible to cover especially the effects of the intensive agriculture, the settlement, the recreation (especially from the point of the view of the draining and cleaning of the waste water), climatic influences (precipitation) and partly the nature background. The selected indicators don't evaluate for example the impact of the industry. The water quality in the reservoir is influenced by the water quality from the tributaries and by the biochemical processes in the reservoir itself.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare Mill.) is an perennial herb, it is cultivated for the essential oil in the fruits. The quality criteria are essential oil content, microbiological contamination and residua of pesticides. The important part of the cultivation technology is ununiform maturity of the fruits. The aim of this work was to find out the influence of the desiccants on quality and yield characteristics of fennel fruits produced in field conditions in the first years of growing. Three preparations were applied: glufosinate-NH4, 150 g.l^-1 (2 l.ha^-1), diquat dibromide, 200 g.l^-1 (3 l.ha^-1) and glyphosate-IPA, 480 g.l^-1 (3 l.ha^-1) in three repetitions. The non treated control variant was also repetited three times. The samples were analysed for quantitative and qualitative parameters: the fruit yield (t.ha^-1), the essential oil content (%, V/m), the essential oil yield (kg.ha^-1), the essential oil composition and the residua content.